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Shoulder pain can make even simple tasks—like reaching for a shelf or sleeping on your side—difficult. One of the most common reasons for shoulder discomfort is a rotator cuff tear. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that stabilize your shoulder and allow smooth arm movement. When injured, these tissues can cause persistent rotator cuff pain that interferes with daily life.
This article explains what the rotator cuff is, the most common rotator cuff pain causes, and key rotator cuff pain symptoms to watch for.
What is the Rotator Cuff?
The rotator cuff muscles—supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—connect the shoulder blade to the upper arm bone. Their tendons keep the joint stable while allowing you to lift and rotate your arm.
When these muscles or tendons are damaged, the result is often rotator cuff pain, weakness, and reduced mobility.
Types of Rotator Cuff Tears
Rotator cuff injuries vary in severity:
- Partial tear – The tendon is frayed or damaged but not fully detached.
- Complete (full-thickness) tear – The tendon separates from the bone.
Tears can also be acute (caused by sudden trauma) or chronic (developing gradually due to wear-and-tear).
Common Causes of Rotator Cuff Injuries
The main rotator cuff pain causes fall into a few categories:
- Acute injuries
- Falling on an outstretched arm
- Lifting something heavy suddenly
- Sports accidents or weightlifting mishaps
- Degenerative changes
- Natural tendon wear with age (common after 40)
- Reduced blood supply slowing tendon repair
- Bone spurs that rub against tendons
- Overuse
- Repetitive overhead work (painting, construction)
- Sports like baseball, tennis, and swimming
- Excessive or heavy overhead gym exercises
- Risk factors
- Age over 40
- Occupations with repetitive lifting
- Overhead sports
- Family history of tendon weakness
Symptoms of a Rotator Cuff Tear
Recognizing rotator cuff pain symptoms early can prevent further damage. Watch for:
- Persistent shoulder pain, especially at night or when lifting
- Weakness when raising or rotating the arm
- Limited range of motion, such as difficulty reaching overhead
- Clicking or popping when moving the shoulder
- Night pain that disrupts sleep
Partial tears may only cause mild discomfort, while complete tears often make lifting the arm nearly impossible.
When to Seek Medical Help
Not every ache means a tear, but you should see a doctor if you experience:
- Sudden, severe shoulder pain after an injury
- Inability to lift your arm overhead
- Pain lasting more than a few weeks
- Symptoms that worsen despite rest and self-care
A professional exam helps rule out other conditions like tendonitis or arthritis.
Diagnosing Rotator Cuff Injuries
Doctors use several methods to confirm a tear:
- Physical exam – Checking range of motion and strength
- X-rays – To detect bone changes or spurs
- Ultrasound – To assess tendon movement
- MRI – For detailed images of tendon tears
Accurate diagnosis ensures proper treatment and prevents complications.
Complications of Untreated Tears
Leaving a rotator cuff tear untreated can lead to:
- Ongoing rotator cuff pain
- Permanent weakness or stiffness
- A partial tear worsening into a complete tear
- Difficulty performing daily activities like dressing or lifting objects
In severe cases, untreated tears may eventually require surgery.
Prevention Tips
Not all tears can be avoided, but you can reduce your risk:
- Strengthen rotator cuff muscles with light resistance band exercises
- Avoid repetitive overhead activities when possible
- Take breaks during work or sports
- Practice good posture to ease shoulder strain
- Use ergonomically designed tools and equipment
These habits help keep your shoulders strong and resilient.
Conclusion
Rotator cuff tears are one of the most common shoulder injuries, especially in adults over 40 or people with repetitive overhead activities. By understanding the main rotator cuff pain causes and spotting early rotator cuff pain symptoms, you can seek treatment before the injury worsens.
The rotator cuff muscles are essential for shoulder stability and mobility, so protecting them is key to maintaining an active lifestyle. If you’re experiencing persistent shoulder pain or weakness, consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and personalized care plan.
